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在 JSON 元数据文件中id ，自name定义函数由和属性标识。A custom function is identified by an id and name property in the JSON metadata file.

• 函数id用于唯一标识 JavaScript 代码中的自定义函数。The function id is used to uniquely identify custom functions in your JavaScript code.
• 函数name用作在 Excel 中向用户显示的显示名称。The function name is used as the display name that appears to a user in Excel.

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重要

请注意, Excel 自定义函数在以下平台上可用。Note that Excel custom functions are available on the following platforms.

• Windows 上的 Office (版本1904或更高版本, 连接到 Office 365 订阅)Office on Windows (version 1904 or later, connected to Office 365 subscription)
• Office on Mac (版本16.24 或更高版本, 连接到 Office 365 订阅)Office on Mac (version 16.24 or later, connected to Office 365 subscription)
• 网上的 OfficeOffice on the web

Office 2019 或更早版本中目前不支持 Excel 自定义函数。在 iPad 或一次性购买版本的 Office 中不受支持。Excel custom functions are currently not supported on iPad or in one-time purchase versions of Office 2019 or earlier.

函数name可以与函数id不同，例如出于本地化目的。A function name can differ from the function id, such as for localization purposes.通常情况下，如果没有name明显的原因，函数应id保持与的相同。In general, a function's name should stay the same as the id if there is no compelling reason for them to differ.

函数的name并id共享一些常见要求：A function's name and id share some common requirements:

• 函数id可能只使用字符 A 到 Z、从零到九、下划线和句点。A function's id may only use characters A through Z, numbers zero through nine, underscores, and periods.

• 函数name可能使用任何 Unicode 字母字符、下划线和句点。A function's name may use any Unicode alphabetic characters, underscores, and periods.

• 这两name个id函数都必须以字母开头，并且最小限制为三个字符。Both function name and id must start with a letter and have a minimum limit of three characters.

Excel 使用大写字母作为内置函数名称（例如SUM）。Excel uses uppercase letters for built-in function names (such as SUM).因此，请考虑将大写字母用作自定义函数name和id最佳实践。Therefore, consider using uppercase letters for your custom function's name and id as a best practice.

函数的name名称不应与以下相同：A function's name shouldn't be named the same as:

• A1 到 XFD1048576 之间的任何单元格，或从 R1C1 到 R1048576C16384 之间的任何单元格。Any cells between A1 to XFD1048576 or any cells between R1C1 to R1048576C16384.

• 任何 Excel 4.0 宏函数（例如RUN， ECHO）。Any Excel 4.0 Macro Function (such as RUN, ECHO).有关这些函数的完整列表，请参阅此 Excel 宏函数参考文档。For a full list of these functions, see this Excel Macro Functions Reference document.

命名冲突Naming conflicts

如果您的name函数与已存在的外name接程序中的函数相同，则 #REF！If your function name is the same as a function name in an add-in that already exists, the #REF!错误将出现在工作簿中。error will appear in your workbook.

若要修复命名冲突，请更改name外接程序中的，然后再次尝试该函数。To fix a naming conflict, change the name in your add-in and try the function again.此外，还可以使用冲突的名称卸载加载项。You can also uninstall the add-in with the conflicting name.或者，如果要在不同的环境中测试外接程序，请尝试使用不同的命名空间来区分您的函数NAMESPACE_NAMEOFFUNCTION（如）。Or, if you're testing your add-in in different environments, try using a different namespace to differentiate your function (such as NAMESPACE_NAMEOFFUNCTION).

最佳做法Best practices

• 请考虑向函数中添加多个参数，而不是使用相同或相似的名称创建多个函数。Consider adding multiple arguments to a function rather than creating multiple functions with the same or similar names.
• 函数名称应指示函数的操作，例如（ =GETZIPCODE而不是） ZIPCODE。Function names should indicate the action of the function, such as =GETZIPCODE instead of ZIPCODE.
• 避免函数名称中不明确的缩写。Avoid ambiguous abbreviations in function names.清晰度比简洁性更重要。Clarity is more important than brevity.选择一个名称（ =INCREASETIME而不=INC是）。Choose a name like =INCREASETIME rather than =INC.
• 对执行类似操作的函数始终使用相同的动作。Consistently use the same verbs for functions which perform similar actions.=DELETEZIPCODE例如，使用=DELETEADDRESS和，而不是=DELETEZIPCODE和=REMOVEADDRESS。For example, use =DELETEZIPCODE and =DELETEADDRESS, rather than =DELETEZIPCODE and =REMOVEADDRESS.
• 在命名流式处理函数时，请考虑在函数的说明中添加对该效果的注释或STREAM添加到函数名称的末尾。When naming a streaming function, consider adding a note to that effect in the description of the function or adding STREAM to the end of the function's name.

提示

如果要在多个环境中测试外接程序（例如，在开发、暂存、演示等）中，我们建议您为每个环境维护一个不同的 XML 清单文件。If you'll be testing your add-in across multiple environments (for example, in development, staging, demo, etc.), we recommend that you maintain a different XML manifest file for each environment.在每个清单文件中，可以执行以下操作：In each manifest file, you can:

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• 指定与环境对应的 Url。Specify the URLs that correspond to the environment.
• 在中Resources自定义DisplayName元数据值（如和标签）以指明环境，以便最终用户能够识别旁加载外接程序的相应环境。Customize metadata values like DisplayName and labels within Resources to indicate the environment, so that end users will be able to identify a sideloaded add-in's corresponding environment.
• 如果外接程序namespace定义了自定义函数，则自定义用于指示环境的自定义函数。Customize the custom functions namespace to indicate the environment, if your add-in defines custom functions.

通过遵循本指南，您将简化测试过程，并避免在外接程序同时旁加载多个环境时出现的问题。By following this guidance, you'll streamline the testing process and avoid issues that would otherwise occur when an add-in is simultaneously sideloaded for multiple environments.

对函数名称进行本地化Localizing function names

您可以使用单独的 JSON 文件本地化不同语言的函数名称，并在外接程序清单文件中重写值。You can localize your function names for different languages using separate JSON files and override values in your add-in's manifest file.作为一种最佳做法，应避免在另id一name种语言中为函数提供内置 Excel 函数，因为这可能会与本地化函数发生冲突。As a best practice, avoid giving your functions an id or name that is a built-in Excel function in another language as this could conflict with localized functions.

有关本地化的完整信息，请参阅本地化自定义函数For full information on localizing, see Localize custom functions

后续步骤Next steps

了解错误处理最佳实践。Learn about error handling best practices.

另请参阅See also

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Note

Office 365 ProPlus is being renamed to Microsoft 365 Apps for enterprise. For more information about this change, read this blog post.

Symptoms

When you open or use Microsoft Excel, Excel stops responding, hangs, freezes, or stops working. Additionally, you may receive one of the following error messages:

Excel is not responding.

Excel has stopped working.

A problem caused the program to stop working correctly. Windows will close the program and notify you if a solution is available.

Resolution

Use the following methods in the order in which they are presented. If you try one of these methods and it does not help, go to the next method.

Method 1: Start Excel in safe mode

Safe mode lets you safely use Excel without encountering certain startup programs. You can open Excel in safe mode by pressing and holding Ctrl while you start the program or by using the '/safe' option (that is, excel.exe /safe) when you start the program from the command line. When you run Excel in safe mode, it bypasses functionality and settings such as alternative startup location, changed toolbars, the xlstart folder, and Excel add-ins. (However, COM add-ins are excluded.)

If your issue is resolved after you run Excel in safe mode, see the following articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:

291288 Description of the startup switches for Excel

280504 How to troubleshoot startup problems in Excel 2013

If your issue is not resolved after you start Excel in safe mode, go to method 2.

Method 2: Investigate possible issues with COM add-ins Many developers create add-ins for Excel. These add-ins are divided into two types

• Excel add-ins that are saved as .xla, .xlam, or .xll files.
• COM add-ins. These add-ins usually have to be installed and include DLLs and registry keys. COM add-ins created for one version of Excel frequently are incompatible with a newer version, and may cause the system to stop responding. They are not disabled by safe mode.

The simplest way to resolve this possible cause is to run this troubleshooter.

If the troubleshooter resolves the issue, but it recurs, you'll have to determine which add-in is causing the problem. To disable COM add-ins, follow these steps:

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1. Select File > Options > Add-ins.
2. At the bottom of the dialog box, change the Manage dropdown to COM add-ins, and select Go.
3. Clear the check box for any enabled COM add-ins. select OK.If disabling the COM add-ins alleviates the issue, try enabling them one at a time to test for the problem add-in.

If these steps do not resolve your issue, continue to method 3.

Method 3: Investigate Excel file details and contents

Excel files can exist on the computer for a long time. They are upgraded from version to version and frequently travel from one user to another user. Frequently, a user inherits an Excel file but doesn't know what is included in the file. The following areas can cause performance or crashing issues:

• Formulas referencing entire columns.
• Array formulas referencing an uneven number of elements in the arguments.
• Hundreds, or perhaps thousands, of hidden or size 0 height and width objects.
• Too many styles caused by frequent copying and pasting between workbooks.
• Too many (as well as invalidly defined) names.

Inspect and simplify your files if possible.

If these steps do not resolve your issue, continue to method 4.

Method 4: Check whether your file is being generated by a third party

Sometimes Excel files are generated by a third-party application. In this case, the files may be generated incorrectly, and some features may not work correctly when you open the files in Excel. If this occurs, test the features in new files outside the third-party application. If the features work correctly, make sure that the third party is aware of the issue.

If your issue is not resolved after you test it outside the third-party application, go to method 5.

Method 5: Perform a selective startup to determine whether a program, process, or service conflicts with Excel

When you start Windows as usual, several applications and services start automatically and then run in the background. These applications and services can interfere with other software on your device. Performing a selective startup (also known as a 'clean boot') can help you identify problems with conflicting applications. To perform a selective startup, see How to perform a clean boot in Windows.

Selective startup is used to help identify the process, service, or application that conflicts with Excel.

If your issue is not resolved after a clean boot, go to method 6.

Method 6: Check whether your antivirus software is up to date or is conflicting with Excel

Antivirus software can interfere with Excel, and cause performance issues. Frequently updating your AV software can correct the issue.

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How to check whether your antivirus software is up to date

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To keep up with new viruses that are created, antivirus software vendors periodically provide updates that you can download from the Internet. Download the latest updates by visiting your antivirus software vendor's website. For a list of antivirus software vendors, see the following Microsoft website:

How to check whether antivirus software is conflicting with Excel

If your antivirus software includes integration with Excel, you may experience performance issues. In this case, you can disable all Excel integration within the antivirus software by creating exceptions for Excel files.

Important

Changing your antivirus settings may make your PC vulnerable to viral, fraudulent, or malicious attacks. We do not recommend that you try to change your antivirus settings. Use this workaround at your own risk. You may have to contact your antivirus software vendor to determine how to configure software to exclude any integration with Excel.

If updating your antivirus software or excluding it from integrating with Excel does not resolve your issue, go to method 7.Method 7: Verify or install the latest Windows and Office updates

Windows updates

You might have to set Windows Update to automatically download and install recommended updates. Installing any important, recommended, and optional updates can frequently correct problems by replacing out-of-date files and fixing vulnerabilities.To install the latest Windows updates, see Microsoft Windows FAQ.

Office updates

For more information about the latest Office updates, see Office Updates.

If your issue is not resolved after you install the latest Windows and Office updates, continue to the advanced troubleshooting in the More Information section.

More information

Advanced troubleshooting

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If the methods that were mentioned earlier did not resolve your issue, the issue might be either environmental or file-specific in nature. The following section describes how to troubleshoot additional issues that can cause Excel to stop responding.

Environmental factors

Environmental factors are just as important as file contents and add-ins when you are troubleshooting problems. You can help us determine the cause of your issue by taking the following actions:

• Follow basic troubleshooting steps.
• Test files in the cleanest possible environment.

The following sections describe troubleshooting tips that might help diagnose the problem.

Where the file is stored

Several issues can arise when you save an Excel file over a network or to a web server.Moving the file locally will help determine whether there's something wrong with the file or the server where the file is saved. Save the file to your local hard drive is one of the following scenarios is true:

• You have redirected 'My Documents' folder to a server location.

• Your files are stored offline.

• You are trying to open files from SharePoint or a Web folder.

• You are using Remote Desktop or Citrix.

• You are using network appliances.

• You work in a virtualized environment. For more information about Microsoft software that's running in a virtualized environment, see the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article:

  897615 Support policy for Microsoft software running in non-Microsoft hardware virtualization software

Memory

Excel files can grow fairly large when you add text formatting and shapes. Make sure that your system has enough RAM to run the application. For system requirements of the Microsoft Office suites, see the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article:

Printers and video drivers

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When Excel is started, it examines the default printer and video drivers that will display the Excel workbooks. Excel is printer-intensive. Therefore, it will run even slower when Excel files are saved in Page Break Preview view. Testing the file by using different printers such as the Microsoft XPS Document Writer printer driver or the VGA video driver will determine whether the problem is with a specific printer or video driver.

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If you still have hanging or crashing issues in Excel after you work through the resolution methods that are mentioned here, contact Microsoft Support for guided troubleshooting.